The database contains 47 traits which are subdivided into 252 sub-categories (called "modalities"). They cover mainly reproductive and behavioural traits of both adult and larval stages, as well as information on environmental preferences and a few morphological traits.

Traits were chosen, defined and amended according to the needs of each analysis for which data was collected, thus they are a compilation of various sources. As a consequence several traits currently included have been recognised as inadequate to reflect polychaetes life histories and are likely to be changed (e.g. "Migration of adults", "Sociability", partly overlapping modalities of “Habitat” and “Physiographic feature”). Furthermore, the initial focus on European marine species has resulted in certain traits being defined appropriately for these taxa, but requiring an expansion of modalities if terrestrial and freshwater species, as well as species from other regions are included (e.g. expansion / refinement of salinity ranges, additional habitat terms). Future versions of this database will include a revised set of traits and the already existing data, but old versions will be available for download and changes to traits and their definitions will be properly documented.

A full list of the traits, modalities and their definitions are listed below. Where existing ontology concepts are used, the respective URI is provided, otherwise the literature references used to define the trait/modality are given. For each trait, at least a definition and a list of its modalities is given. By clicking on the arrow in front of each modality name, additional information can be displayed.

For both traits and modalities, the following information might be provided:

• Definition: Definition of the trait or modality
• Identifier: Identifier of the term in form of a URL. Where definitions correspond to terms in existing ontologies, these are used, otherwise polytraits identifiers are provided
• Related terms: Related or similar terms that are often associated with this trait or modality in the literature
• Additional explanations: Any additional explanations to clarify the scope of the term, by providing examples or additional literature references.

References to literature are given as numbers in square brackets, by hovering over them, the full reference is displayed.

Adult traits

Body size (max)
Definition	A measurement of the longest dimension of a body, typically between two distinct ends of the body.
Identifier	http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CMO_0000013
Related terms	body length
Additional explanations	Body size refers to different body length classes that an organism can be classified into. In polychaetes, this is the length from the head to the pygidium without appendages like antennae or cirri. In the polytraits database there are 7 different classes (modalities) for this trait. For the coding of modalities, the maximum body size that is reported in the literature for a species is chosen.
Modalities
<2.5 mm
Definition Maximum body size up to 2.5 mm. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/BS_1 Related terms Additional explanations
2.5 mm - 10 mm
Definition Maximum body size from 2.5 to 10 mm. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/BS_2 Related terms Additional explanations
11 mm - 20 mm
Definition Maximum body size from 11 to 20 mm. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/BS_3 Related terms Additional explanations
21 mm - 50 mm
Definition Maximum body size from 21 to 50 mm. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/BS_4 Related terms Additional explanations
51 mm - 80 mm
Definition Maximum body size from 51 to 80 mm. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/BS_5 Related terms Additional explanations
81 mm - 100 mm
Definition Maximum body size from 81 to 100 mm. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/BS_6 Related terms Additional explanations
>100 mm
Definition Maximum body size more than 100 mm. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/BS_7 Related terms Additional explanations

Complex species
Definition	A group of species which satisfy the biological definition of species, that is, they are reproductively isolated from each other, but they are not morphologically distinguishable (or at least are not readily or reliably distinguishable on a morphological basis) [1324].
Identifier	http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/CPLX
Related terms	sibling species; cryptic species; species complex; cryptic species complex
Additional explanations	The individual species within the complex can usually only be separated using non-morphological data, such as from DNA sequence analysis, bioacoustics, or thorough life history studies. They can, but need not be, parapatric, quite often are sympatric, and sometimes allopatric [1324].
Modalities
yes
Definition Complex species reported in the literature. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/CPLX_YES Related terms Additional explanations
no
Definition No complex species reported in the literature. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/CPLX_NO Related terms Additional explanations

Depth zonation (benthos)
Definition	The depth at which an organism occurs in the water column. Commonly defined based on ecological features of the zonation.
Identifier	http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/DZ
Related terms	maximum bottom depth
Additional explanations
Modalities
supralittoral zone
Definition The zone of the shore immediately above the highest water leveland subjected to wetting by spray or wave splash [1290]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/DZ_SUP Related terms supratidal Additional explanations
littoral zone
Definition The area of the foreshore and seabed that is exposed to the air at low tide and submerged at high tide, i.e., the area between tide marks. Identifier http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_00000316 Related terms midlittoral; mediolittoral; intertidal Additional explanations
sublittoral zone
Definition The zone of the shore immediately below the lowest water level and the edge of the continental shelf (ca. 200 m). Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/DZ_SUB Related terms infralittoral; circalittoral; subtidal Additional explanations
bathyal zone
Definition The steep descent zone from 200 m to 4000 m depth. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/DZ_BAT Related terms continental slope Additional explanations
abyssal zone
Definition The zone between 4000 - 6000 m depth [1290]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/DZ_ABY Related terms Additional explanations
hadal zone
Definition The sea floor deeper than 6000 m, such as that of the oceanic trenches. Identifier http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_01000028 Related terms Additional explanations

Depth zonation (pelagic)
Definition	The depth at which an organism occurs in the water column. Usually defined based on ecological features of the zonation.
Identifier	http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/DZP
Related terms
Additional explanations
Modalities
epipelagic
Definition The zone of an ocean from the surface to 200m where photosynthesis can occur, due to the penetration of light. Identifier http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_00000209 Related terms Additional explanations
mesopelagic
Definition Water column from the upper aphotic zone (ca. 200 m) to a depth of ca. 100 m. [1292]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/DZP_MESO Related terms Additional explanations
bathypelagic
Definition Water column from ca. 1000 m to a depth of ca. 2500 m [1292]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/DZP_BATH Related terms Additional explanations
abyssopelagic
Definition The zone of the ocean below the bathypelagic zone, with its lowest boundary at about 6000 m. Identifier http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_00000212 Related terms Additional explanations
hadalpelagic zone
Definition The zone of an ocean in oceanic trenches, lying between 6000 m and 10000 m. Identifier http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_00000214 Related terms Additional explanations

Ecosystem engineering
Definition	Organisms can be considered as ecosystem engineers when they directly or indirectly modulate the availability of resources to other species, by causing physical state changes in biotic or abiotic materials. In so doing they modify, maintain and/or create habitats [1295].
Identifier	http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/RW
Related terms	Bioturbation; habitat modification; biomixing; sediment reworking; ventilation; bioirrigation
Additional explanations	A critical characteristic of ecosystem engineers is that they must change the quality, quantity and distribution of resources used by other species.
Modalities
yes
Definition “Umbrella term”. Used to capture information that a species is an ecosystem engineer, without specifying the type of engineering. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/RW_YES Related terms Additional explanations
no
Definition “Umbrella term”. Used to capture information that a species is not an ecosystem engineer. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/RW_NO Related terms Additional explanations
biodiffusor
Definition Biodiffusors include organisms with activities that usually result in a constant and random local sediment biomixing over short distances [1294]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/RW_DIFF Related terms Additional explanations Biodiffusor are often categorised into epifaunal biodiffusors, surficial biodiffusors and gallery biodiffusors
upward conveyor
Definition Upward conveyors are vertically oriented species that typically feed head-down at depth in the sediment. Vertically oriented head-down feeders actively select and ingest particles at the deeper sediments and egest these non-locally as faeces in the sediment surface [1294]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/RW_UC Related terms Additional explanations
downward conveyour
Definition Downward conveyors exhibit a feeding strategy opposite to that of upward conveyors. Vertically oriented head-up feeders actively select and ingest particles at the surface and egest these non-locally as faeces in deeper sediment strata [1294]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/RW_DC Related terms Additional explanations
regenerator
Definition Regenerators are excavators that dig and continuously maintain burrows in the sediment and by doing so they mechanically transfer sediment from depth to the surface. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/RW_REG Related terms Additional explanations
blind-ended ventilation
Definition Ventilation occurs when animals flush their burrows with overlying water for respiratory and feeding purposes. Blind-ended ventilation occurs when I-shaped burrows are flushed uni- or bidirectionally depending on the permeability of the sediment [1294]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/RW_BEV Related terms Additional explanations
open-ended ventilation
Definition In open-ended ventilation the burrows are U-shaped and can be flushed easily from one end to the other [1294]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/RW_OEV Related terms Additional explanations
habitat-building
Definition Species which create structures which in turn form new habitats for other species. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/TF_HAB Related terms Includes reef-builders: (Tubiculous) species which form dense aggregations and thus create three-dimensional structures which in turn form new habitats for other species. Additional explanations

Environmental position
Definition	Living location of the organism in relation to the water column, the sea floor and other organisms.
Identifier	http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/EP
Related terms
Additional explanations
Modalities
Epibenthic
Definition Living on the surface of the seabed [1292]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/EP_EPIB Related terms Additional explanations Contains also organisms living under boulders or stones
Endobenthic
Definition Living within the sediment of the seabed but not in interstitial space. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/EP_ENDOB Related terms Additional explanations Not to be confused with “Interstitial”: Endobenthic organisms live in the sediment, relocating it to move through it or to construct burrows, whereas interstitial organisms live in the space between the sand grains.
Interstitial
Definition Living in the spaces between grains in a sediment [1292]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/EP_IST Related terms Additional explanations Not to be confused with “Endobenthic”: Endobenthic organisms live in the sediment, relocating it to move through it or to construct burrows, whereas interstitial organisms live in the space between the sand grains.
Hyperbenthic
Definition Living above but close to the substratum [1290]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/EP_HYP Related terms EP_HYP Additional explanations Hyperbenthic is a subcategory of “Epibenthic”
Pelagic
Definition Inhabiting the open sea, excluding the sea floor [1292]. Identifier http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_01000023 Related terms planktonic, neustonic, pleustonic, holopelagic Additional explanations
Epilithic
Definition Attached to / growing on the surface of rock [1292]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/EP_EPIL Related terms Additional explanations
Endolithic
Definition Organism that colonize the interior of any kind of rock but not actively boring into it. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/EP_EL Related terms lithotomous Additional explanations
Lithotomous
Definition Actively boring into rocks and living in these burrows. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/EP_LITH Related terms Additional explanations
Boring in biogenic substrate
Definition Boring in biogenic hard substrate and living in these burrows. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/EP_BB Related terms Additional explanations
Epizoic
Definition Growing or living on or in a living animal (but not parasitic upon it) [1292]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/EP_EPIZ Related terms Additional explanations
Epiphytic
Definition Growing on or in a living plant (but not parasitic upon it) [1292]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/EP_EPIP Related terms Additional explanations
Parasitic
Definition Living in or on another organism at the expense of this host. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/EP_PAR Related terms Additional explanations This term includes only parasitic relationships, symbiontic and commensal relationships are classified under “epizooic” and “epiphytic”.

Feeding structure
Definition	The feeding structures of the polychaetes vary, reflecting the diversity of feeding types. There are two major anatomical/morphological features involved in the polychaetes feeding: the pharynx and the feeding structures of the prostomium (e.g. palps) [544]
Identifier	http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/STRUCT
Related terms	feeding type
Additional explanations
Modalities
simple axial pharynx
Definition A sac-like pharynx relying on fluid pressure from the coelom for eversion [544]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/STRUCT_SAP Related terms Additional explanations There is no particular development of musculature or glands. The worms tend to have reduced septa in the anterior part of the body allowing the contruction of the posterior part of the body to exert considerable force on the proboscis because of the free movement of the coelomic contents. Muscles associated with a thickened first septum (gular membrane) and the proboscis, are used for retraction [544].
ventral buccal organ (simple)
Definition A variable set of folds, musculature and glands, present on the ventral side of many polychaetes, is usually referred to as a ventral pharynx and is the most common form in Polychaetes [544]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/STRUCT_VBO Related terms Additional explanations The ventral proboscis may be a simple eversible muscular pad; the outer end of these pharynges may be frilled and densely ciliated. Other species have the lateral walls of the proboscis folded and broadly connected ventrally to a deep buccal organ, others have a ventral proboscis also present [544].
ventral muscular pharynx
Definition The ventral and lateral walls of the buccal region are muscular and the lining is sclerotized into a varying number of eversible jaw pieces. The jaws are seperated into a pair of ventral mandibles and two or more pairs of lateral maxillae [544]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/STRUCT_VMP Related terms Additional explanations
muscular axial pharynx
Definition The pharynx has thickened, strongly muscular walls and can be retracted into a sheath. In other cases the pharynx is partially retracted and partially inverted. The mouth proper is located at the tip of the pharynx when fully everted [544]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/STRUCT_MAP Related terms Additional explanations While some taxa have a jaw-less proboscis, others have jaws present as a bilaterally arranged pair, as one or two dorso ventrally arranged pairs or as two pairs forming a cross [544].
buccal organ absent or occluded
Definition The buccal cavity lacks obvious differentiation of the wall and it is not eversible. In some species, if the buccal cavity is present at all, is only a transient larval structure and becomes completely occluded [544] Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/STRUCT_ABS Related terms Additional explanations
accessory feeding structures
Definition Other structures as palps, tentacles or a radiolar crown ("grooved palps"). Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/STRUCT_ACC Related terms Additional explanations There are forms of single pair of grooved palps nearly always attached dorsally or near the junction of the prostomium and peristomium, or multiple grooved palps sometimes forming a crown. Dorso lateral ciliated folds in the roof of the buccal cavity may be present in some polychaetes [544].

Feeding type
Definition	The common diet of an organism that includes the food items that it is enzymatically and behaviourally capable of using.
Identifier	http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/FEED
Related terms	feeding behaviour; feeding guild
Additional explanations
Modalities
predator
Definition An organism that feeds by preying on other organisms, killing them for food [1292]. Identifier http://eol.org/schema/terms/predator Related terms Additional explanations
suspension feeder
Definition Any organism which feeds on particulate organic matter, including plankton, suspended in the water column [1292]. Identifier http://eol.org/schema/terms/suspensionFeeder Related terms Additional explanations
non-selective deposit feeder
Definition An organism that feeds on mud or sand and may show a little discrimination in the size or type of particles eaten. The sediment is ingested and any digestible organic material is assimilated as it passes through the alimentary canal. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/FEED_NSD Related terms detritivore Additional explanations
selective deposit feeder
Definition Some deposit feeders do not ingest sediment haphazardly but use their palps or buccal organs to sort organic material from the sediment prior to ingestion. The method of sorting varies according to the types of palps present. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/FEED_SD Related terms detritivore Additional explanations
deposit feeder (selective or non-selective)
Definition “Umbrella term”. Any organism which feeds on fragmented particulate organic matter from the substratum [1292]. This modality should be filled in if nothing about the selectivity of the deposit feeding is known. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/FEED_D Related terms detritivore Additional explanations
omnivore
Definition Organisms which feed on a mixed diet including plant and animal material [1292]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/FEED_O Related terms Additional explanations
scavenger
Definition Any organism that actively feeds on dead animals. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/FEED_S Related terms Additional explanations
herbivore
Definition An animal that feeds on plants or algae, or parts of them. Identifier http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D060434 Related terms Additional explanations

Habitat type
Definition	The place in which an organism lives. It is defined for the marine environment according to geographical location, physiographic features and the physical and chemical environment (including salinity, wave exposure, strength of tidal streams, geology, biological zone, substratum, 'features' (e.g. crevices, overhangs, rockpools) and 'modifiers' (e.g. sand-scour, wave-surge, substratum mobility) [1292].
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/habitat
Related terms	Environment; Habitat type of settlement/ early development
Additional explanations	The modalities of this trait might be expanded in the future and/or merged with the trait "Physiographic feature".
Modalities
algae
Definition Macroalgae surfaces, such as Laminaria spp., or fucoids. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/HAB_ALG Related terms Additional explanations
biogenic reef
Definition Solid, massive structure which is created by accumulations of organisms, usually rising from the seabed, or at least clearly forming a substantial, discrete community or habitat which is very different from the surrounding seabed. The structure of the reef may be composed almost entirely of the reef building organism and its tubes or shells, or it may to some degree be composed of sediments, stones and shells bound together by the organisms [1330]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/HAB_REEF Related terms Additional explanations
caves
Definition A hollow normally eroded in a cliff, with the penetration being greater than the width at the entrance [1297]). Caves can also be formed by boulders [1292]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/HAB_CAVE Related terms Additional explanations
crevices/ fissures
Definition Crevices are narrow cracks in a hard substratum <10 mm wide at its entrance, with the penetration being greater than the width at the entrance. Fissures are cracks in a hard substratum >10 mm wide at its entrance, with the depth being greater than the width at the entrance [1292]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/HAB_CREV Related terms Additional explanations
maerl/ coralligenous habitats
Definition A coralligenous habitat is defined by the presence of a bioherm of coralline algae grown at low irradiance levels and in relatively calm waters [1119]. Maerl denotes loose-lying, normally non-geniculate (i.e. not jointed), coralline red algae. Depending on the terminology used, maerl refers either to a class of rhodoliths, or may be considered distinct from rhodoliths in lacking a non-algal core. Maerl beds are composed of living or dead unattached corallines forming accumulations with or without terrigenous material [1331]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/HAB_MAERL Related terms Additional explanations
other species
Definition Epibiont of other species. Identifier http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_00002032 Related terms epibiontic; epibiont Additional explanations
overhangs
Definition An overhanging part of a rock formation. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/HAB_OH Related terms Additional explanations
rockpools
Definition A depression in the littoral zone of a rocky seashore, where, during low tide, seawater is left behind [1292]. Identifier http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_00000317 Related terms tide pool Additional explanations
salt marsh
Definition A marsh whose water contains a considerable quantity of dissolved salts. Identifier http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_00000054 Related terms Areas of alluvial or peat deposits, colonized by herbaceous and small shrubby terrestrial vascular plants, almost permanently wet and frequently inundated with saline waters [1292]. Additional explanations
seagrass
Definition Habitat associated with seagrass meadows communities. Seagrasses are flowering plants that are adapted to living fully submerged and rooted in estuarine and marine environments [1292]. Identifier http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_01000059 Related terms Angiospermophyta; Posidoniaceae; Zosteraceae; Hydrocharitaceae, Cymodoceaceae Additional explanations
strandline
Definition A line on the shore composing debris deposited by a receding tide; commonly used to denote the line of debris at the level of extreme high water [1292]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/HAB_STRAND Related terms Additional explanations
under boulders
Definition Under unattached rocks that can be very large (>1024 mm), large (512 - 1024 mm) or small (256 - 512 mm) [1292]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/HAB_UB Related terms Additional explanations
water column
Definition Pelagic habitat. Identifier http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_01000023 Related terms Additional explanations
soft sediments
Definition Deposits with a high water content (near or above the liquid limit) where the percolating skeleton is made of fine-grained soils (clay fraction above ~ 20%), with a high degree of saturation, and subjected to low effective confinement [1336]. Identifier http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_00002007 Related terms Additional explanations

Intra- and interspecific competition
Definition	The simultaneous demand by two or more organisms or populations or species for an essential common resource that is actually or potentially in limited supply or the detrimental interaction between two or more organisms or species seeking a common resource that is not limited [1293].
Identifier	http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0044402
Related terms	exploitation competition; interference competition
Additional explanations
Modalities
annelida (adults)
Definition Competition with other annelids that are in adult stage. The interaction can be between different organisms, populations or species. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/COMP_AA Related terms Additional explanations
crustacea (adults)
Definition Competition with crustaceans that are in adult stage. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/COMP_CA Related terms Additional explanations
annelida (larvae)
Definition Competition with other annelids that are in larval stage. The interaction can be between different organisms, populations or species. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/COMP_AL Related terms Additional explanations
crustacea (larvae)
Definition Competition with crustaceans that are in larval stage. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/COMP_CL Related terms Additional explanations
mollusca
Definition Competition with mollusks. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/COMP_MOLL Related terms Additional explanations

Lifespan
Definition	Maximum length of time that any particular organism can be expected to live.
Identifier	http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PATO_0000050
Related terms	longevity
Additional explanations
Modalities
≤ 1 year
Definition Life span shorter than a year. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/LIFE_1 Related terms Additional explanations
1-3 years
Definition Life span between 1 and 3 years. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/LIFE_1-3 Related terms Additional explanations
3-5 years
Definition Life span between 3 and 5 years. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/LIFE_3-5 Related terms Additional explanations
≥ 5 years
Definition Life span more than 5 years. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/LIFE_5+ Related terms Additional explanations

Migrations of adult
Definition	Movement of an organism or group from one habitat or location to another [1292].
Identifier	http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IDOMAL_0002084
Related terms
Additional explanations	This trait is poorly defined for invertebrates. Within the context of this database it will likely be redefined or become obsolete.
Modalities
yes
Definition “Umbrella term”. Used to capture information that a species in its adult stage is migratory. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/MIGR_YES Related terms Additional explanations
no
Definition “Umbrella term”. Used to capture information that a species in its adult stage is non-migratory and remains within the same area. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/MIGR_NO Related terms Additional explanations

Mobility of adult
Definition	The capability of an organism to move spontaneously and freely [1292].
Identifier	http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0040011
Related terms	Juvenile mobility
Additional explanations
Modalities
crawler
Definition An organism that moves along on the substratum via movements of its legs, appendages (e.g. parapodia and chaetae) or muscles [1292]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/MOB_CRAWL Related terms Additional explanations
burrower
Definition An organism that lives or moves in a burrow in soft sediments. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/MOB_BUR Related terms Additional explanations
swimmer
Definition An organism that moves through the water column via movements of its fins, legs or appendages, via undulatory movements of the body or via jet propulsion; includes pelagic phases during reproduction (swarming at the surface) [1292]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/MOB_SWIM Related terms Additional explanations
non-motile / semi-motile
Definition Permanently attached to a substratum (non-motile) or capable of movement across (or through) it (semi-motile) [1292]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/MOB_SESS Related terms sedentary, non-mobile, semi-mobile Additional explanations

Physiographic feature
Definition	The general physical characteristics of the marine environment in which an organism lives [1292].
Identifier	http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/PHF
Related terms
Additional explanations
Modalities
open coast
Definition Any part of the coast not within a marine inlet, strait or lagoon, including offshore rocks and small islands. This includes MNCR types; Linear coast, Islands / Rocks and Semi-enclosed coast. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/PHF_COAST Related terms Additional explanations
offshore seabed
Definition Seabed beyond three miles (5km) from the shore. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/PHF_OFF Related terms Additional explanations
strait
Definition Strait is a narrow channel of water that connects two larger bodies of water, and thus lies between two land masses. Identifier http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_00000394 Related terms sound Additional explanations
fjord
Definition Fjord is a long and narrow sea inlet with high steeply sloped walled sides. A fjord is a landform created during a period of glaciation. Identifier http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_00000039 Related terms sea loch Additional explanations
ria
Definition Ria is a submergent coastal landform that forms where sea levels rise relative to the land either as a result of eustatic sea level change; where the global sea levels rise or isostatic sea level change; where the land sinks. When this happens valleys which were previously at sea level become submerged. Identifier http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_00000418 Related terms voe Additional explanations
estuary
Definition A semi-enclosed coastal body of water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea. Identifier http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_00000045 Related terms Additional explanations
enclosed coast / embayment
Definition An area of water bordered by land on three sides. Identifier http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_00000032 Related terms Includes also harbours and marinas. Additional explanations
lagoon
Definition Enclosed bodies of water separated or partially separated from the sea by shingle, sand or sometimes rock and with a restricted exchange of water with the sea, yielding varying salinity regimes. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/PHF_LAG Related terms isolated saline water Additional explanations
Hydrothermal vents
Definition A marine hydrothermal vent is a marine benthic feature where heat generated due to tectonic activity, either at divergent plate boundaries or convergent ocean plates where back-arc spreading occurs, is released or 'vented' to the surface. The resultant high temperature water jets are laden with dissolved metals and minerals. Identifier http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_01000122 Related terms Additional explanations

Predated by
Definition	Organism categories that feed by preying on the present species
Identifier	http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/PRED
Related terms
Additional explanations
Modalities
annelids
Definition Prey for other annelids. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/PRED_ANN Related terms Additional explanations
crustaceans
Definition Prey for crustacean species. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/PRED_CRUS Related terms Additional explanations
fish
Definition Prey for fish species. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/PRED_FISH Related terms Additional explanations
birds
Definition Prey for bird species. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/PRED_BIRD Related terms Additional explanations
mollusks
Definition Prey for mollusks. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/PRED_MOLL Related terms Additional explanations
echinoderms
Definition Prey for echinoderm species. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/PRED_ECHI Related terms Additional explanations

Sociability
Definition	“Umbrella term”. Is used to capture information that an organism, population or species is living alone or interacting with others forming groups/communities or colonies (through asexual reproduction).
Identifier	http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/SOC
Related terms	Solitary; Gregarious; Colonial
Additional explanations	This term and its modalities are poorly defined and will likely be re-defined within the context of this database.
Modalities
algae
Definition Species that interact/live with algae Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/SOC_ALG Related terms Additional explanations
seagrasses
Definition Species that interact/live with seagrass meadows. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/SOC_PHAN Related terms Additional explanations
annelids
Definition Species that interact/live with annelids. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/SOC_ANN Related terms Additional explanations
bacteria
Definition Species that interact/live with bacteria. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/SOC_BACT Related terms Additional explanations
crustaceans
Definition Species that interact/live with crustaceans. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/SOC_CRUS Related terms Additional explanations
fish
Definition Species that interact/live with fish. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/SOC_FISH Related terms Additional explanations
mollusks
Definition Species that interact/live with mollusks. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/SOC_MOLL Related terms Additional explanations
nematodes
Definition Species that interact/live with nematodes. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/SOC_NEM Related terms Additional explanations
branchiostomids
Definition Species that interact/live with branchiostomids. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/SOC_BRAN Related terms Amphioxus Additional explanations
echinoderms
Definition Species that interact/live with echinoderms. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/SOC_ECHI Related terms Additional explanations
cnidarians
Definition Species that interact/live with cnidarians. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/SOC_ANTH Related terms Additional explanations
poriferans
Definition Species that interact/live with poriferans. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/SOC_POR Related terms Additional explanations
bryozoans
Definition Species that interact/live with bryozoans. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/SOC_BRY Related terms Additional explanations
entoproctans
Definition Species that interact/live with entoproctans. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/SOC_ENT Related terms Additional explanations

Substrate type
Definition	The surface on which an organism lives. The substrate may simply provide structural support, or may provide nutrients [1292].
Identifier	http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/SUBST
Related terms	Substrate type of settlement
Additional explanations
Modalities
bedrock
Definition Any stable hard substratum not separated into boulders or smaller sediment units. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/SUBST_ROCK Related terms Additional explanations
large to very large boulders
Definition Unattached rock, of large (512 - 1024 mm) or very large (>1024 mm) size [1292]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/SUBST_LB Related terms Additional explanations
small boulders
Definition Unattached rock, of small (256 - 512 mm) size [1292]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/SUBST_SB Related terms Additional explanations
cobbles
Definition Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter between 64 and 256 mm. Identifier http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_01000115 Related terms Additional explanations
pebbles
Definition Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter between 4 and 64 mm. Identifier http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_01000116 Related terms Additional explanations
gravel
Definition An environmental material which is composed of pieces of rock that are at least two millimeters (2 mm) in its largest dimension and no more than 75 millimeters. Identifier http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_01000018 Related terms Additional explanations
sandy gravel
Definition 50 - 80% gravel; 20 - 50% sand. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/SUBST_SG Related terms Additional explanations
muddy gravel
Definition 50 - 80% gravel; 20 - 50% mud. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/SUBST_MG Related terms Additional explanations
muddy sandy gravel
Definition 50 - 80% gravel; 20 - 50% mud and sand. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/SUBST_MSG Related terms Additional explanations
coarse clean sand
Definition Sediment particles diameter between 0.5 - 4 mm; the sand fraction is >80%. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/SUBST_CS Related terms Additional explanations
fine clean sand
Definition Sediment particles diameter between 0.063 - 0.5 mm; the sand fraction is >80%. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/SUBST_FS Related terms Additional explanations
gravelly sand
Definition 50 - 80% sand; 20 - 80% gravel. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/SUBST_GS Related terms Additional explanations
muddy gravelly sand
Definition 50 - 80% sand; 20 -50% mud and sand. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/SUBST_MGS Related terms Additional explanations
muddy sand
Definition 50 - 80% sand; 20 -50% mud. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/SUBST_MS Related terms Additional explanations
sandy mud
Definition 50 - 80% mud; 20 -50% sand. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/SUBST_SM Related terms Additional explanations
sandy gravelly mud
Definition 50 - 80% mud; 20 - 50% sand and gravel. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/SUBST_SGM Related terms Additional explanations
gravelly mud
Definition 50 - 80% mud; 20 -50% gravel. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/SUBST_GM Related terms Additional explanations
mud
Definition Fine particles of silt and/or clay <0.063 mm; the silt/clay fraction is > 80% [1292]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/MUD Related terms Additional explanations
silt
Definition Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter between 3.9 and 63 micrometers. Identifier http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_01000119 Related terms Additional explanations
clay
Definition Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter between 1 and 3.9 micrometers. Identifier http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_01000120 Related terms Additional explanations
mixed
Definition Mixtures of a variety of sediment types composed of pebble/ gravel/ sand/ mud. This category includes muddy gravels, muddy sandy gravels, gravelly muds, and muddy gravelly sands. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/SUBST_MIX Related terms Additional explanations
artificial
Definition E.g. wood, metal or concrete structures. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/SUBST_ART Related terms Additional explanations

Survival salinity
Definition	The range of salinities in which an organism is capable to survive and grow [1292].
Identifier	http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MSH/D054712
Related terms	euhaline; euryhaline; polyhaline; mesohaline; oligohaline; limnetic
Additional explanations	The modalities of this trait will be refined in the future to capture also hypersaline and freshwater species.
Modalities
full salinity
Definition The capability of an organism to live in environments of average marine water salinity (30 – 40 ‰). Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/SAL_FULL Related terms euhaline Additional explanations
variable salinity
Definition The capability of an organism to live in environments of variable salinity (18 – 40 ‰). Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/SAL_VAR Related terms euryhaline Additional explanations
reduced salinity
Definition The capability of an organism to live in brackish water having a wide range of salinity between 18 ‰ and 30 ‰. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/SAL_RCD Related terms polyhaline Additional explanations
low salinity
Definition The capability of an organism to live in brackish water with low salinity (<18 ‰). Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/SAL_LOW Related terms mesohaline; oligohaline; limnetic Additional explanations Mesohaline organisms for salinity values 5 - 18 ‰; oligohaline organisms for salinity values 0.5 - 5 ‰ and limnetic organisms for salinity values <0.5 ‰.

Survival temperature
Definition	The range of temperatures in which an organism is capable to survive and grow.
Identifier	http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/TEMP
Related terms	stenothermal; eurythermal
Additional explanations
Modalities
cold waters
Definition The capability of an organism to live in cold water environments (<0 - 10 °C). Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/TEMP_COLD Related terms Additional explanations
warm/ temperate/ subtropical waters
Definition The capability of an organism to live in environments of average temperatures (10 - 25°C). Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/TEMP_WARM Related terms Additional explanations
tropical waters
Definition The capability of an organism to live in warm water environments (>25 °C). Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/TEMP_HOT Related terms Additional explanations

Tolerance (AMBI index)
Definition	The sensitivity of an organism to organic enrichment, classified through the AMBI index [41].
Identifier	http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/TOL
Related terms
Additional explanations
Modalities
group I
Definition Species very sensitive to organic enrichment and present under unpolluted conditions (initial state). Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/TOL_I Related terms Additional explanations
group II
Definition Species indifferent to enrichment, always present in low densities with non-significant variations with time (from initial state to slightly unbalanced condition). Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/TOL_II Related terms Additional explanations
group III
Definition Species tolerant to excess organic matter enrichment. These species may occur under normal conditions, but their populations are stimulated by organic enrichment (slightly unbalanced condition). Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/TOL_III Related terms Additional explanations
group IV
Definition Second-order opportunistic species (slightly to pronouncedly unbalanced condition). Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/TOL_IV Related terms Additional explanations
group V
Definition First-order opportunistic species (pronouncedly unbalanced condition). Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/TOL_V Related terms Additional explanations

Tube/ burrow material
Definition	Materials used for the construction of an organism’s tube or burrow (if present).
Identifier	http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/TUBE
Related terms
Additional explanations
Modalities
clay
Definition Tubes/burrows constructed of clay, a group of hydrous aluminium phyllosilicate minerals that are typically less than 3.9 micrometres in diameter. Identifier http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_00002982 Related terms Additional explanations
gravel
Definition Tubes/burrows constructed of gravel, an environmental material which is composed of pieces of rock that are at least two millimeters (2 mm) in its largest dimension and no more than 75 millimeters. Identifier http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_01000018 Related terms Additional explanations
sand
Definition Tubes/burrows constructed of sand, a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles. Identifier http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_01000017 Related terms Additional explanations
biogenic detritus
Definition Tubes/burrows constructed of dead skeleton materials found in the environment (e.g. shells, algal parts). Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/TUBE_BIO Related terms Additional explanations
secretions
Definition Tubes/burrows constructed of bodily secretions, usually mucus. Identifier http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_02000040 Related terms Additional explanations
calcium carbonate
Definition Tubes constructed of calcium carbonate. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/TUBE_CALC Related terms Additional explanations
mud
Definition Tubes/burrows constructed of mud, a liquid or semi-liquid mixture of water and fine particles of silt and/or clay <0.063 mm; the silt/clay fraction is >80% [1292]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/MUD Related terms Additional explanations

Typically feeds on
Definition	The type of food an organism prefers.
Identifier	http://eol.org/schema/terms/preysUpon
Related terms
Additional explanations
Modalities
algae
Definition Algae as food source. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/TF_ALG Related terms Additional explanations
bacteria
Definition Bacteria as food source. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/TF_BACT Related terms Additional explanations
annelids
Definition Annelida as food source Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/TF_ANN Related terms Additional explanations
ciliates
Definition Ciliates as food source. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/TF_CIL Related terms Additional explanations
crustaceans
Definition Crustaceans as food source. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/TF_CRUS Related terms Additional explanations
diatoms
Definition Diatoms as food source. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/TF_DIAT Related terms Additional explanations
flagellates
Definition Flagellates as food source. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/TF_FLAG Related terms Additional explanations
foraminiferans
Definition Foraminiferans as food source. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/TF_FORAM Related terms Additional explanations
mollusks
Definition Mollusks as food source. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/TF_MOLL Related terms Additional explanations
detritus
Definition Particles of organic material from dead and decomposing organisms as food source. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/TF_OM Related terms Additional explanations
sediment
Definition Unselective ingestion of sediment. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/TF_SED Related terms Sediment is ingested by non-selective deposit feeders. Additional explanations
fish
Definition Fish, incl. their larvae, as food source. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/TF_FISH Related terms Additional explanations
ascidians
Definition Ascidians, incl. their larvae, as food source. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/TF_ASC Related terms Additional explanations
echinoderms
Definition Echinoderms, incl. their larvae, as food source. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/TF_ECHI Related terms Additional explanations
cnidarians
Definition Cnidarians as food source. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/TF_CNID Related terms Additional explanations

Reproductive traits

Age at first reproduction
Definition	Beginning of the first sexual reproductive cycle. Defined as the first ripening of gametes.
Identifier	http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/MAT
Related terms	age at maturity
Additional explanations
Modalities
≤2 months
Definition Reproductive maturity reached at an age younger than 2 months. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/MAT_2M Related terms Additional explanations
2 - 6 months
Definition Reproductive maturity reached at an age between 2 to 6 months. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/MAT_6M Related terms Additional explanations
6 months - 1year
Definition Reproductive maturity reached at an age between 6 months to a year. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/MAT_1Y Related terms Additional explanations
1 - 2 years
Definition Reproductive maturity reached at an age between 1 to 2 years. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/MAT_2Y Related terms Additional explanations
2 - 3 years
Definition Reproductive maturity reached at an age between 2 to 3 years. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/MAT_3Y Related terms Additional explanations
3 - 4 years
Definition Reproductive maturity reached at an age between 3 to 4 years. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/MAT_4Y Related terms Additional explanations
≥4 years
Definition Reproductive maturity reached at an age more than 4 years. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/MAT_MANY Related terms Additional explanations

Developmental mechanism
Definition	The mechanism of the development of the embryo(s), inside or outside of the parental organism.
Identifier	http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/DEV
Related terms
Additional explanations
Modalities
oviparous
Definition Reproduction in which eggs are released by the female; development of offspring occurs outside the mother's body. Identifier http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D052287 Related terms Additional explanations
viviparous
Definition Reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female. Identifier http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D052286 Related terms Additional explanations

Egg size
Definition	Diameter of the eggs spawned by an organism.
Identifier	http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/EGG
Related terms
Additional explanations
Modalities
0μm -100μm
Definition Egg diameter up to 100μm. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/EGG_S Related terms Additional explanations
100μm - 200μm
Definition Egg diameter from 100μm to 200μm. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/EGG_M Related terms Additional explanations
>200μm
Definition Egg diameter larger than 200μm. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/EGG_L Related terms Additional explanations

Epitoky
Definition	Form of reproduction of marine polychates in which the new individual arises by modification and separation from the posterior end of the worm in order to leave the bottom and reproduce [1292].
Identifier	http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/EPKY
Related terms	epitokous metamorphosis; epitokous modification; epitokous transformation; sexual metamorphosis
Additional explanations	The new individual grows from the posterior segment and upon separation the new animal generates a new head and the mother a new posterior end [1292].
Modalities
yes
Definition The organism undergoes epitokous metamorphosis. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/EPKY_YES Related terms Additional explanations
no
Definition The organism does not undergo epitokous metamorphosis. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/EPKY_NO Related terms Additional explanations

Factors triggering reproduction
Definition	Factors that can initiate or enhance reproduction.
Identifier	http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/FAC
Related terms
Additional explanations
Modalities
lunar cycle
Definition Reproduction which is timed to particular phases of the lunar cycle (or the semilunar cycle of spring and neap tides) [1325]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/FAC_LUN Related terms Lunar Phase; moon phase; moon cycle Additional explanations
pheromones / hormones
Definition Spawning as a result of a pheromonal interaction between swarming males and females. Hormonal factors may be involved not only in the timing of reproduction but also in sexual differentiation [1325]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/FAC_HOR Related terms Additional explanations
photoperiod
Definition Reproduction which is timed to a particular daylight length [1325]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/FAC_PHO Related terms Additional explanations
temperature
Definition Reproduction which is controlled by a change in water temperature. In some species, a certain temperature is a prerequisite for reproduction to occur [1325]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/FAC_TMP Related terms Additional explanations
salinity
Definition Reproduction which is stimulated by changes in salinity [1326]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/FAC_SAL Related terms Additional explanations

Fecundity
Definition	The potential reproductive capacity of an organism or population, measured by the number of gametes (eggs) or asexual propagules [1292].
Identifier	http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PATO_0000273
Related terms	fertility; number of offspring
Additional explanations
Modalities
1 - 50
Definition Up to 50 eggs per female and reproductive event. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/FEC_50 Related terms Additional explanations
50 - 500
Definition From 50 to 500 eggs per female and reproductive event. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/FEC_500 Related terms Additional explanations
500 - 2500
Definition From 500 to 2500 eggs per female and reproductive event. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/FEC_2500 Related terms Additional explanations
2500 - 10000
Definition From 2500 to 10000 eggs per female and reproductive event. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/FEC_10000 Related terms Additional explanations
10000 - 20000
Definition From 10000 to 20000 eggs per female and reproductive event. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/FEC_20000 Related terms Additional explanations
20000 - 100000
Definition From 20000 to 100000 eggs per female and reproductive event. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/FEC_100000 Related terms Additional explanations
>100000
Definition More than 100000 eggs per female and reproductive event. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/FEC_100000+ Related terms Additional explanations

Fertilization type
Definition	Location of the union of male and female gametes.
Identifier	http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/FER
Related terms	conception; fecundation; syngamy
Additional explanations	Fertilization can take place either inside the female's body or outside it. The latter can take various forms, such as broadcast spawning, where large quantities of sexual products are released into the water, or a "pseudocopulation", where the male and the female are in close contact to facilitate the insemination of gametes.
Modalities
internal
Definition Fertilization takes place within the female's body. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/FER_INT Related terms copulation Additional explanations
external (broadcast spawner)
Definition A method of reproduction during which the gametes (egg and sperm) unite outside the body. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/FER_EXT Related terms epidemic spawning, broadcast spawning, swarming Additional explanations Some species retain their eggs and release only sperm into the surrounding water in this case sperm are taken up for fertilization by the female [1296].
external (pseudocopulation)
Definition A form of external fertilization where the partners are in close contact [544]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/FER_PSEU Related terms Additional explanations Includes spawning into jelly masses, mucus or parchment-like structures or cocoons or deliberate fertilization in the tube of the female (not if the sperm is flushed there by water movements).

Mode of reproduction
Definition	The production by an organism of new individuals that contain some portion of their genetic material inherited from that organism.
Identifier	http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0000003
Related terms
Additional explanations
Modalities
gonochoristic
Definition Having separate sexes throughout life [1292]. Identifier http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HAO_0000048 Related terms dioecious Additional explanations
simultaneous hermaphrodite
Definition Condition of hermaphroditic animals (and plants) in which the reproductive organs of both sexes are present and functional at the same time. Identifier http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HAO_0000046 Related terms Additional explanations
sequential hermaphrodite
Definition Sequential hermaphrodites are born as one sex, but can later change into the opposite sex. Identifier http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HAO_0000045 Related terms Additional explanations “Umbrella term”, can be divided into protogynous (http://www.owl-ontologies.com/unnamed.owl#Protogynous) and protandrous (http://www.owl-ontologies.com/unnamed.owl#Protandrous).
asexual reproduction
Definition Reproduction that is not sexual; that is, reproduction that does not include recombining the genotypes of two parents. Identifier http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0019954 Related terms Additional explanations Includes all different types of asexual reproduction (budding; parthenogenesis etc). Reproduction independent of sexual processes and aiming at rapid multiplication to exploit a suitable habitat [1325].

Pattern of oogenesis
Definition	Process of germ cell development in the female from the primordial germ cells through oogonia to the mature haploid ova.
Identifier	http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/CSP/1138-4873
Related terms	vitellogenesis; ovary
Additional explanations	Two patterns of oogenesis have been identified in invertebrates: introvarian and extarovarian [1328], with approximately half the families falling into one pattern or the other[1329].
Modalities
intraovarian
Definition Occurs when oocytes are retained by the ovary until most or all of oogenesis (and vitellogenesis) is completed. Ovaries are usually large, structurally complex, and persistent throughout the sexual phase of the female [544]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/OOG_INTRA Related terms Additional explanations
extraovarian
Definition Occurs when small, previtellogenic oocytes are released form the ovary where they complete vitellogenesis in the fluid-filled coelom. Ovaries are generally small, simple and sometimes have a transient nature [544]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/OOG_EXTRA Related terms Additional explanations

Population sex ratio
Definition	The ratio of male to female (or vice versa) in a population.
Identifier	http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0004820
Related terms
Additional explanations
Modalities
1:1
Definition The ratio of female to male in the population is 1 to 1. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/PSR_EQ Related terms Additional explanations
female > male
Definition The number of females is higher in a population. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/PSR_F Related terms Additional explanations
female < male
Definition The number of males is higher in a population. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/PSR_M Related terms Additional explanations

Reproduction strategy of the individual
Definition	Number of times an individual can reproduce during its lifetime.
Identifier	http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/STRAT
Related terms
Additional explanations
Modalities
iteroparous
Definition Breeding several times per lifetime. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/STRAT_ITER Related terms polytelic Additional explanations
semelparous
Definition Organisms that have only one brood during the life time and then the parent usually dies. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/STRAT_SEM Related terms monotelic, annual Additional explanations

Reproduction temperature
Definition	Water temperature that initiates or enhances reproduction.
Identifier	http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/RT
Related terms
Additional explanations
Modalities
cold waters
Definition Reproduction in cold water environments (<0 - 10 °C). Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/RT_COLD Related terms Additional explanations
warm/ temperate/ subtropical waters
Definition Reproduction in environments of average temperatures (10-25°C). Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/RT_TEMP Related terms Additional explanations
tropical waters
Definition Reproduction in warm water environments (>25 °C). Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/RT_WARM Related terms Additional explanations

Resorption of eggs
Definition	Ability to resorb all or part of the gametes instead of spawning them normally.
Identifier	http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/RESORP
Related terms
Additional explanations	This mechanism could be a manifestation of a fitness response to low resource availability, one of the “homeostatic mechanisms involved in the tradeoff between reproductive effort and survival”[7].
Modalities
yes
Definition Organisms that have the ability of egg resorption. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/RESORP_YES Related terms Additional explanations
no
Definition Organisms that do not have the ability of egg resorption. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/RESORP_NO Related terms Additional explanations

Sexual metamorphosis
Definition	Conspicuous change in the organism's body structure prior to reproduction.
Identifier	http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/SM
Related terms	epitoky
Additional explanations	Among some polychaete species this metamorphosis is very complex while in other species the changes are less pronounced and generally comprise histolysis of the body musculature and the digestive tube, as well as development of additional or modified setae.
Modalities
yes
Definition Organisms that undergo sexual metamorphosis Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/SM_YES Related terms Additional explanations
no
Definition Organisms that do not undergo sexual metamorphosis. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/SM_NO Related terms Additional explanations

Spawning frequency of the population
Definition	Period and frequency of spawning in a population.
Identifier	http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/FREQ
Related terms	epidemic spawning; synchronized spawning
Additional explanations
Modalities
multiple events / year
Definition More than once per year, but in relatively defined peaks or intense periods that do not fall within a drawn-out period. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/FREQ_MULTI Related terms Additional explanations
continuous or semi-continuous
Definition Reproduction occurs all year round or for the most part of the year. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/FREQ_CONT Related terms Additional explanations
annually / seasonally
Definition Yearly over a drawn out period of several weeks or few months, or always in a defined season, peaks or epidemic swarming can occur within this period. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/FREQ_ANNU Related terms Additional explanations

Sperm type
Definition	Different types of sperm that occur in organisms and fertilize the eggs.
Identifier	http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/SPERM
Related terms	Fertilization; primitive; modified
Additional explanations	Annelids have a great range of sperm morphologies and traditionally these have been grouped as either “primitive” or “modified” [1332; 1333; 13334]. The “primitive” type includes a simple acrosome, spherical nuclei, a small number of mitochondria and a free flagellum. Modified sperm were any sperm that deviate from this pattern (wide variety of sperm shapes). The “primitive” types were associated with external fertilization but the “primitive” sperm of some polychaete species have been found that do not fertilize freely spawned eggs. Thus, [1335] proposed a new system of classifying sperm based purely on function. In addition the new terminology ‘ect-aquasperm’, ‘ent-aquasperm’ and ‘introsperm’ have been applied with success across various taxa [400].
Modalities
ect - aquasperm
Definition Type of sperm that are released into the water and fertilize similarly released eggs [400]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/SPERM_ECT Related terms Additional explanations
ent - aquasperm
Definition Type of sperm that are released freely into the ambient water but differ from ect-aquasperm in being gathered by, or in some other way reaching, the female [400]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/SPERM_ENT Related terms Additional explanations
introsperm
Definition Have no contact with water when passed from male to female [400]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/SPERM_INTRO Related terms Additional explanations

Synchronization of spawning
Definition	Level of synchronization of the reproductive activity in a population.
Identifier	http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/SYNC
Related terms	epidemic spawning; spawning frequency
Additional explanations	Refers to an event of synchronized spawning of a local population of a single species. In extreme cases of broadcast spawning all offspring of a species can be released over a period of a few hours or days (epidemic spawning).
Modalities
yes
Definition Organisms whose populations undergo through a synchronized ripening of the gametes, usually culminating in an epidemic spawning event. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/SYNC_YES Related terms Additional explanations
no
Definition Organisms whose populations do not undergo through a synchronized ripening of the gametes. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/SYNC_NO Related terms Additional explanations

Larval traits

Habitat type of settlement/ early development
Definition	Habitat type of the larval settlement and early development after metamorphosis.
Identifier	http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/HSET
Related terms	Substrate type of settlement
Additional explanations	The choice of habitat has a direct effect on the future success and survival of the larvae as it is the place they will metamorphose [1321]. It may depend on several parameters, such as the flow over the sediment e.g. [1307], the total organic content of sediment e.g. [1308], the composition of organic matter e.g. [1309], the grain size distribution of sediment e.g. [1310], the presence of conspecifics e.g. [1311], the presence of halogenated metabolites of sympatric organisms e.g. [1312], and the sediment concentration of ammonium e.g. [1313] or anthropogenic pollutants [1323].
Modalities
algae
Definition Macroalgae surfaces, such as Laminaria spp. or fucoids. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/HAB_ALG Related terms Additional explanations
biogenic reef
Definition Solid, massive structure which is created by accumulations of organisms, usually rising from the seabed, or at least clearly forming a substantial, discrete community or habitat which is very different from the surrounding seabed. The structure of the reef may be composed almost entirely of the reef building organism and its tubes or shells, or it may to some degree be composed of sediments, stones and shells bound together by the organisms [1330]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/HAB_BIO Related terms Additional explanations
caves
Definition A hollow normally eroded in a cliff, with the penetration being greater than the width at the entrance [1297]. Caves can also be formed by boulders [1292]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/HAB_CAVE Related terms Additional explanations
crevices/ fissures
Definition Crevices are narrow cracks in a hard substratum <10 mm wide at its entrance, with the penetration being greater than the width at the entrance. Fissures are cracks in a hard substratum >10 mm wide at its entrance, with the depth being greater than the width at the entrance [1292]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/HAB_CREV Related terms Additional explanations
maerl/ coralligenous habitats
Definition A coralligenous habitat is defined by the presence of a bioherm of coralline algae grown at low irradiance levels and in relatively calm waters [1119]. Maerl denotes loose-lying, normally non-geniculate (i.e. not jointed), coralline red algae. Depending on the terminology used, maerl refers either to a class of rhodoliths, or may be considered distinct from rhodoliths in lacking a non-algal core. Maerl beds are composed of living or dead unattached corallines forming accumulations with or without terrigenous material [1331]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/HAB_MAERL Related terms coralligène Additional explanations
other species
Definition The surface of other species. Identifier http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_00002032 Related terms epibionts; epibiontic Additional explanations
overhangs
Definition An overhanging part of a rock formation. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/HAB_OH Related terms Additional explanations
rockpools
Definition A depression in the littoral zone of a rocky seashore, where, during low tide, seawater is left behind [1292]. Identifier http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_00000317 Related terms Additional explanations
salt marsh
Definition A marsh whose water contains a considerable quantity of dissolved salts. Identifier http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_00000054 Related terms Additional explanations Areas of alluvial or peat deposits, colonized by herbaceous and small shrubby terrestrial vascular plants, almost permanently wet and frequently inundated with saline waters [1292].
seagrass
Definition Habitat associated with seagrass meadows communities. Seagrasses are flowering plants that are adapted to living fully submerged and rooted in estuarine and marine environments [1292]. Identifier http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_01000059 Related terms Angiospermophyta; Posidoniaceae; Zosteraceae; Hydrocharitaceae, Cymodoceaceae Additional explanations
strandline
Definition A line on the shore composing debris deposited by a receding tide; commonly used to denote the line of debris at the level of Extreme High Water [1292]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/HAB_STRAND Related terms Additional explanations
under boulders
Definition Under unattached rocks that can be very large (>1024 mm), large (512 - 1024 mm) or small (256 - 512 mm) [1292]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/HAB_UB Related terms Additional explanations
water column
Definition Pelagic habitat Identifier http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_01000023 Related terms Additional explanations
soft sediment
Definition Deposits with a high water content (near or above the liquid limit) where the percolating skeleton is made of fine-grained soils (clay fraction above ~ 20%), with a high degree of saturation, and subjected to low effective confinement [1336]. Identifier http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_00002007 Related terms Additional explanations

Juvenile mobility
Definition	The capability of a juvenile to move spontaneously and freely.
Identifier	http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/JMOB
Related terms	mobility; motility
Additional explanations
Modalities
crawler
Definition An organism that moves along on the substratum via movements of its legs, appendages (e.g. parapodia and chaetae) or muscles [1292]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/MOB_CRAWL Related terms Additional explanations
burrower
Definition An organism that lives or moves in a burrow in soft sediments. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/MOB_BUR Related terms Additional explanations
swimmer
Definition An organism that moves through the water column via movements of its fins, legs or appendages, via undulatory movements of the body or via jet propulsion; includes pelagic phases during reproduction (swarming at the surface) [1292]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/MOB_SWIM Related terms Additional explanations
non-motile / semi-motile
Definition Permanently attached to a substratum (non-motile) or capable of movement across (or through) it (semi-motile) [1292]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/MOB_SESS Related terms sedentary, non-mobile, semi-mobile Additional explanations

Larval development
Definition	The mode of development from the larval to the adult stage.
Identifier	http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/LDEV
Related terms	larval mode; larval feeding type
Additional explanations
Modalities
direct development
Definition There are no intermediate larval stage(s) or postembryonic metamorphoses of any kind. Embryonic development culminates in the hatching or birth of a fully formed, albeit miniature adult [1316]. Identifier http://eol.org/schema/terms/directDeveloper Related terms Additional explanations Direct development is a specialized reproductive mode, in which the sequence of ontogenetic stages between embryo and reproductive adult is abbreviated in comparison to that seen in related species. In moderate instances of direct development, one or more post-hatching larval stages may be present, although these typically do not feed and are anatomically simplified in comparison to the free-living larvae of indirect developers. In extreme instances of direct development, there are no intermediate larval stage(s) or postembryonic metamorphoses of any kind. Instead embryonic development culminates in the hatching or birth of a fully formed, albeit miniature adult [1316]. Definitions of direct development vary, with some authors reserving the term for the extreme instances described above [1321]; [1314]; [1320] as opposed to more inclusive and less stringent definitions.
indirect development
Definition One or more successive, free-living larval stages intervene between embryo and adult, and there is a more-or-less abrupt transition, or metamorphosis, between the last larval stage and the adult [1316]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/LDEV_I Related terms Additional explanations Although indirect development is supposed to be the primitive condition, it is definitely still under debate. Fossils of animal embryos from the Early Cambrian, and perhaps (although less certainly) from the terminal Proterozoic show early stages of development and they seem mostly to represent direct development [1316].

Larval feeding type
Definition	The existence of two distinct larval types, feeding and non-feeding, has established the current paradigm for larval ecology. Feeding larvae are larvae that can capture and use exogenous food, whereas non-feeding larvae are larvae that cannot capture or use exogenous food [1300].
Identifier	http://eol.org/schema/terms/MarineLarvalDevelopmentStrategy
Related terms	Larval development; Larval mode; Egg size
Additional explanations
Modalities
planktotrophic
Definition A larval development strategy in which small eggs are converted into larger juveniles by means of larval feeding and growth [1299]. Identifier http://eol.org/schema/terms/planktotrophic Related terms Additional explanations By definition, planktotrophic larvae of marine invertebrates develop from eggs that contain sufficient material to support development into a functional larva but insufficient material to support complete development into a juvenile. Acquisition of particulate food is necessary to fuel larval growth for successful completion of development and metamorphosis to the juvenile stage [1300].
maternally derived nutrition
Definition “Umbrella term” describing the maternal sources of nutrition and including the terms lecithotrophy, adelphophagy, and translocation of nutrients. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/LFT_M Related terms Additional explanations Lecithotrophy is the most common utilization of reserves (usually yolk) placed in the egg during oogenesis and adelphophagy is feeding on eggs or siblings within the brood. Translocation of nutrients directly from the parent during development is also a type of maternally derived nutrition [1298]. Many annelid taxa show lecithotrophy. Lecithotrophic larvae develop from larger eggs, at the expense of internal resources (i.e. yolk) provided by the female, and do not require exogenous food for development to metamorphosis [1321];[1300].

Larval mode of development
Definition	Larvae development in the water column or on/in soft- or hard-bottom substrata
Identifier	http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/LM
Related terms	Larval development; Larval feeding type
Additional explanations
Modalities
benthic
Definition Development on or near the bottom of a body of water. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/LM_B Related terms Additional explanations In polychaetes, benthic development may occur independent of the parent, attached to sediments, developing freely, or in direct association with a parent. A common form of development without parental care is the encapsulation of embryos for all or parts of the developmental period [1298].
pelagic
Definition Development in the water column. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/LM_P Related terms Additional explanations Planktonic polychaete larvae spend different periods of time in the plankton before they become competent to settle and metamorphose [1298].

Location of parental care
Definition	Defines the location of the parental care (if provided), either near the body of the parent or at a distance from it.
Identifier	http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/PC
Related terms	parental care; brood protection
Additional explanations
Modalities
outside microenvironment of the parent
Definition Parental care is provided through e.g. protective structures, but not on the body of the parent or in its immediate living environment (e.g. in a burrow, tube or nest). Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/PC_FAR Related terms Additional explanations
within microenvironment of the parent
Definition Parental care is provided either on the body of the parent or in its immediate living environment (e.g. in a burrow, tube or nest). Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/PC_NEAR Related terms Additional explanations

Metamorphosis type
Definition	Generally, any anatomical remodelling between opposing life-history periods, i.e. between the larval and the adult stage, can be considered as a form of metamorphosis [291] [1318]. These changes can be rapid and cataclysmic, or can proceed gradually, depending on the particular developmental basis for the juvenile body plan within the body of the larva [1302].
Identifier	http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007552
Related terms	Larval development; Larval mode
Additional explanations	For all larvae, metamorphosis includes the loss of larva-specific organs and the development of juvenile or adults pecific organs. For sessile marine invertebrates, a firm and often permanent attachment may represent the first stage of metamorphosis [1298].
Modalities
catastrophic
Definition The metamorphosis is accompanied by massive internal change coupled with catastrophic destruction of the larval tissues. Huge chunks of the larval body, its tissues and organs, are digested away and reabsorbed, or simply discarded [1322]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/MV_CAT Related terms complete metamorphosis Additional explanations
non-catastrophic
Definition The adult develops from the juvenile through a process of extension and differential growth, including different larval stages but without a drastic change of the body plan. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/MV_NCAT Related terms incomplete metamorphosis Additional explanations

Parental care/ Brood protection
Definition	Any parental trait that enhances the fitness of a parent’s offspring after the offspring is released from the female body [1317]. Viviparity and other forms of lecitotrophy are excluded here from this definition and not considered as forms of parental care.
Identifier	http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0060746
Related terms	Location of parental care; Parental expenditure; Parental investment; Parental effort; Parental effect; Parental behaviour
Additional explanations	Can include e.g. brooding, protective behaviour, active feeding of the offspring or the creation of protective structures (e.g. mucus or jelly masses).
Modalities
yes
Definition “Umbrella term”. Used to capture information that a species provides parental care to its offspring. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/BP_YES Related terms Additional explanations Brooding behaviour can be considered as an alternative form of protection, where the eggs or young are carried either internally or externally. Brood pouches are common among non-insect invertebrates [1319]. Polychaetes may brood larvae dorsally, laterally or ventrally, directly attached to the epidermis, in external pouches, beneath branchiae,or within modified setal structures such as opercular chambers (e.g. Spirorbinae and other Serpulidae) or elytral scales (Polynoidae, Sigalionidae) [1315];[1298].
no
Definition Used to capture information that a species does not provide parental care to its offspring beyond supplying them with a small package of yolk that serves as an initial source of nutrition until the offspring are fully capable of fending for themselves [1317]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/BP_NO Related terms Additional explanations

Substrate type of settlement
Definition	Settlement is defined as the behavioural performance when pelagic larvae descend from the plankton to the benthos, and move upon the substratum with or without attaching to it. Settlement is reversible: a larva can swim up again from the substrate to resettle at another location [1298]. The surface on which larvae choose to settle is defined as the substrate of settlement.
Identifier	http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/SETTL
Related terms	habitat type of settlement / early development
Additional explanations	Larvae of some invertebrates settle and metamorphose in response to a specific cue from a unique source [1304; 1305]. Others respond to cues originating from several sources [1306].
Modalities
hard substrates
Definition One or more successive, free-living larval stages intervene between embryo and adult, with a more-or-less abrupt transition, or metamorphosis, between the last larval stage and the adult [1316]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/SETTL_HARD Related terms Additional explanations
sand
Definition Particles defined in three size categories: very coarse sand and granules (1 - 4 mm); medium and coarse sand (0.25 - 1 mm); very fine and fine sand (0.063 - 0.25 mm) [1292]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/SETTL_SAND Related terms Additional explanations
mud
Definition Fine particles of silt and/or clay <0.063 mm; the silt/clay fraction is > 80% [1292]. Identifier http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/MUD Related terms Fine particles of silt and/or clay, < 0.0625 mm diameter; the silt/clay fraction is >80% [1292]. Additional explanations
clay
Definition Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter between 1 and 3.9 micrometers. Identifier http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_01000120 Related terms Additional explanations
silt
Definition Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter between 3.9 and 63 micrometers. Identifier http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_01000119 Related terms Additional explanations
gravel
Definition An environmental material which is composed of pieces of rock that are at least two millimeters (2 mm) in its largest dimension and no more than 75 millimeters. Identifier http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_01000018 Related terms Additional explanations
pebbles
Definition Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter between 4 and 64 mm. Identifier http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_01000116 Related terms Additional explanations
cobbles
Definition Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter between 64 and 256 mm. Identifier http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_01000115 Related terms Additional explanations
boulders
Definition Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter greater than 256 mm Identifier http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_01000114 Related terms Additional explanations
bacterial/ organic biofilm
Definition A complex aggregation of microorganisms marked by the excretion of a protective and adhesive matrix; usually adhering to a substratum. Identifier http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_00002034 Related terms Additional explanations Biofilms usually originate as adsorbed organic molecules, which may serve as a stimulus for the attachment of bacteria, benthic diatoms, fungi, and unicellular eukaryotes [1303]. Marine bioorganic films (natural biofilms) are heterogeneous in composition and highly variable over time [1298].

This database is maintained by the Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture of the Hellenic Centre for Marine Research.
It is supported by the Greek LIFEWATCH infrastructure .
Contact: Sarah Faulwetter or via Twitter: @sarsifa

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.